[TTP: there is, perhaps, much in this article to both like and dislike, and enough grey area to have a great conversation. Tell us what you think in the comments!]
The United States literally began with these words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
(What that actually means, particularly the pursuit of Happiness part, is different for different people. At a minimum, however, we can all agree that Life means, well...life.)
The above quotation, of course, comes from the Declaration of Independence. But that document doesn’t define the structure of our government; the Constitution does.
And it’s from the Constitution that we get our federal system, under which (originally) the federal government had a few well-defined and finite powers such as defense, foreign relations, and adjudicating conflicts between the various states.
States, on the other hand, reserved all those powers not specifically prohibited to them or delegated to the federal government.
The truth is that the system worked very well for a long time. About 150 years.
But starting in the 1910s, with the passage of the 16th and 17th amendments, the line between the states and the federal government started to blur; in the 1930s, it began to fray; and by the 1990s, it was basically gone, which is the situation we find ourselves with today…
You know one place where federal control largely doesn’t extend?
The criminal justice system.
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