Joseph Raymond McCarthy was a United States Senator from Wisconsin who rose to national prominence in the early 1950s because he dared to confront a reality that much of the American establishment preferred to ignore.

He believed communism was not merely a foreign threat but an internal one.

McCarthy understood that America’s adversaries did not always arrive in military uniforms or foreign armies. Sometimes they arrived through institutions, ideas, influence networks, and political movements that slowly reshaped public opinion and government policy from within.

His fight took place during one of the most dangerous periods in modern history.

Joseph Stalin controlled Eastern Europe behind the Iron Curtain.

Mao Zedong had consolidated communist rule over China.

The Soviet Union had successfully penetrated American institutions through espionage networks that reached into the highest levels of government.

Communist parties, front organizations, propagandists, and fellow travelers operated throughout the Western world.

[TTP:  This is the first of a three-part series we’ll cover this week. The original article was too long to post all at once, but too good to merely summarize.]

It’s important to understand that fossil fuels are today, and will continue to be for many decades to come, the essential foundation for civilization as we know it in the world today.

We should first note how the fossil fuels we get from the ground were made. As Brian Villmoare writes in The Evolution of Everything: The Patterns and Causes of Big History:

[P]lants use the stored chemical energy [which they get from the sun through photosynthesis] to grow. But when animals eat those plants, they are acquiring that same stored energy, which they then convert to growth, or store as fat.

If a predator eats an animal, that same energy is passed down to the predator. So, in effect, when a lion eats an impala it is eating an animal that is stored solar energy, only in chemical form.

Humans access this same solar energy when they eat plants or animals, or burn logs for warmth. But what about other forms of energy?

When we burn gasoline in our cars, we are using that exact same solar energy.

Hundreds of millions to billions of years ago, giant mats of cyanobacteria and other organisms covered the Earth’s oceans. When they died and were buried beneath the ocean floor, over time that plant material decayed and slowly converted into what we call crude oil.

A similar process occurs during coal formation, when plant matter is buried and decays over millions of years. In both cases, the product we burn is a stored accumulation of millions of years of solar energy, converted into a chemical form via photosynthesis.

The only form of chemical energy on Earth that is not the result of photosynthesis is nuclear energy.

[TTP:  This is the second of a three-part series we’re covering this week. If you missed the first part, go here. We’ll pick up right where we left off yesterday.]

While there is little discussion of the practical impossibility of switching to alternatives to fossil fuels today, discussions focusing on exaggerated claims of climate change have made most people aware of the costs of using fossil fuels.

But many fewer people are aware of the staggeringly large benefits fossil fuels have brought and continue to bring to humanity.

[TTP:  This is the last of a three-part series we’re covering this week. The first part is here and the second part is here.

We’ll pick up right where we left off yesterday.]

And that’s just food. Without electricity, drinking water in all cities would be unavailable.

Large electric pumps push water into the municipal supply, often to great heights.

And then the water has to be treated to make it safe to drink.

Before electrification powered by fossil fuels, drinking water for most people was both contaminated and far away.

Fossil fuels have also made clothing more available than ever. As Epstein writes, “Before widespread use of electricity, most people had only several items of clothing for their entire lifetimes,” but today “we use machines to grow the raw materials for clothing (or, in the case of synthetic clothing, to drill for them), to produce fabrics, to sew fabrics into clothing, to transport clothing. All of this makes clothing production so cost-effective that a poor person can buy a very warm winter jacket at Walmart for $50.”

Along with warm clothing, fossil fuels give us warm shelter.